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The Carpathians have a long history of traditional economic activities, primarily centred around agriculture,
forestry, and livestock farming. In recent years, tourism has become increasingly important as the region
attracts visitors with its natural beauty and rich cultural heritage.

The Carpathian region, home to approximately 17 million people, is characterized by a diverse cultural
mosaic. Despite this diversity, many mountainous areas are witnessing a decline in population as younger
generations migrate to urban centres.

Local communities in the Carpathians face several significant challenges. Economic marginalization and
limited access to services are common issues. Additionally, there is a notable trend of land abandonment
and a decline in traditional agricultural practices. Conservation efforts often clash with economic
development, creating conflicts. The impacts of climate change further threaten traditional livelihoods,
while unsustainable tourism and resource exploitation add additional pressure on the region.

To address these challenges, there is a growing emphasis on sustainable development strategies that seek
to balance environmental conservation with the needs of local communities. This approach includes
promoting eco-tourism, supporting traditional land management practices, and implementing measures to
adapt to climate change.

JORDAN

1. Literature Review

Environmental and Ecological Significance

Jordan, a Middle Eastern country, is renowned for its diverse landscape, which blends arid deserts with
dramatic mountain ranges. The most notable of these is the Western Highlands, which runs along the
western border and features fertile valleys, ancient crossroads, and a rich tapestry of historical sites. This
region's varied terrain creates a range of ecosystems, from desert expanses to lush, green pockets. Within
the Western Highlands, the Sharah Mountains, Jebel Al-Khalidiyah, and the iconic Wadi Rum Mountains stand
out, with Umm ad Dami being the highest peak. These mountains are not only geologically fascinating but
also culturally significant, offering a deep connection to Jordan’s history and heritage.

Umm ad Dami mountain, located in the Ma'an Governorate, is a major attraction for hikers and adventure
enthusiasts. Its remote location and challenging terrain contribute to its unique appeal, offering a serene and
untouched experience. The mountain's connection to the Bedouin culture and its role within the Wadi Rum
Protected Area further enhance its socio-economic impact.

Jordan's mountainous regions are vital to the country's economy and cultural identity, with agriculture,
tourism, water resources, and cultural heritage all deeply connected to these areas. These mountains,
especially the Wadi Rum region and its iconic Umm ad Dami peak, serve as both a natural and cultural
treasure. However, the sustainability of these regions is increasingly threatened by challenges such as water
scarcity, climate change, and migration. In response, Jordan has implemented a range of policies and
regulations aimed at protecting the Wadi Rum area, striving to balance economic development with the
preservation of its unique environmental and cultural landscape.

Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect
those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA
can be held responsible for them.